Here is a comprehensive introductory discussion of Earth, energy, and the environment in an integrated manner that will lead to an appreciation of our complex planet. The book looks at Earth from the perspective of a livable planet and elaborates on the surface and subsurface processes and the various energy cycles where energy is transformed and stored in the planet's various spheres. The chapters discuss the interactions between the different parts of Earth-how energy is exchanged between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and how they impact the environment in which we live.

In recent decades, more women around the world have taken the opportunity to enter the market, join the workforce, and start their own entrepreneurial ventures. These changes have had a strong impact on market demographics. Particularly within the tourism industry, it is important to investigate the behavior, motivations, experiences, and needs of women as travelers, employees, and entrepreneurs. Women's Empowerment Within the Tourism Industry offers a conversant and comprehensive overview of the themes and concepts of women as tourists, employees, and entrepreneurs in tourism. Providing interdisciplinary insights from leading international researchers and academicians, this book makes a critical contribution to the knowledge of women's participation within the tourism industry. It discusses the nature of their work and ways in which tourism creates tension between the attitudes and conduct of tourists and the beliefs and behavior of local women. Covering topics such as consumer experience, gender studies, and women's employment, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for business leaders and managers, entrepreneurs, marketers, government officials, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

Frugal innovation is considered a new source of innovation, mainly to meet the needs of low-income customers. Hence, frugal innovation has primarily been explored emphasizing affordability. The concept of frugal and social innovation is a new idea and requires perspectives from academicians, researchers, and organizations to reach its full potential. Frugal Innovation and Social Transitions in the Digital Era considers the social value of innovation, frugal innovation, and social innovation in society at local, national, and international levels and calls the attention of scholars and researchers around the globe to focus on the social perspectives and social patterns of human life and society. Covering key topics such as emerging technologies, entrepreneurship, and social change, this reference work is ideal for computer scientists, business owners, managers, policymakers, researchers, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

In recent decades, more women around the world have taken the opportunity to enter the market, join the workforce, and start their own entrepreneurial ventures. These changes have had a strong impact on market demographics. Particularly within the tourism industry, it is important to investigate the behavior, motivations, experiences, and needs of women as travelers, employees, and entrepreneurs. Women's Empowerment Within the Tourism Industry offers a conversant and comprehensive overview of the themes and concepts of women as tourists, employees, and entrepreneurs in tourism. Providing interdisciplinary insights from leading international researchers and academicians, this book makes a critical contribution to the knowledge of women's participation within the tourism industry. It discusses the nature of their work and ways in which tourism creates tension between the attitudes and conduct of tourists and the beliefs and behavior of local women. Covering topics such as consumer experience, gender studies, and women's employment, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for business leaders and managers, entrepreneurs, marketers, government officials, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

As the world population is expanding and resources are shrinking it creates a challenging environment for people in low income and transitioning economies as well as developed countries. Hence, researchers are proposing different solutions and entrepreneurship is one of them. Academic institutions need to update their study programs and knowledge, modernize the curriculum and integrate research activities in degree programs about entrepreneurship. Economic challenges are getting very difficult to handle for every country and entrepreneurship can play a key role in dealing with these new realities. Aspects of academic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education unlock the discussion about the concepts, risks, actions and approaches towards the entrepreneurial university. Academic entrepreneurship focuses on the educated population who are learning and working in the universities and how they can create an entrepreneurial ecosystem so that academia can play forth the role of entrepreneurship after teaching and research. This book will contribute to the knowledge on developing an entrepreneurial ecosystem through academia. The target audience are university teachers, students, and researchers. This book will be appropriate for universities and policy makers to adopt and apply entrepreneurial approaches to develop academic entrepreneurship and an entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Frugal innovation is considered a new source of innovation, mainly to meet the needs of low-income customers. Hence, frugal innovation has primarily been explored emphasizing affordability. The concept of frugal and social innovation is a new idea and requires perspectives from academicians, researchers, and organizations to reach its full potential. Frugal Innovation and Social Transitions in the Digital Era considers the social value of innovation, frugal innovation, and social innovation in society at local, national, and international levels and calls the attention of scholars and researchers around the globe to focus on the social perspectives and social patterns of human life and society. Covering key topics such as emerging technologies, entrepreneurship, and social change, this reference work is ideal for computer scientists, business owners, managers, policymakers, researchers, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world and left turmoil in every facet of society in its wake. As in-person activities came to an end for public safety, businesses closed, classrooms scrambled to transition online, and society was forever changed. As the pandemic comes to a close, it is essential that researchers take this opportunity to study the changes that have occurred so that society may revive what has been lost and promote resilience should another crisis arise. Societal Transformations and Resilience in Times of Crisis focuses on the revival of societal institutions after events such as natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, and global crises, and looks toward building more resilient structures. It contributes novel approaches and provides implications for countries to improve the social system through novel approaches. Covering topics such as employee psychological distress, democracy, and higher education institutions, this premier reference source is a dynamic resource for government officials, community leaders, non-governmental organizations, students and faculty of higher education, sociologists, business executives and managers, human resource managers, researchers, and academicians.

The concept of sustainability and sustainable development is growing rapidly and has great importance in the different aspects of social and economic development at the national and international levels. This idea is characterized as a process that links economic and social factors while maintaining the ecological levels of analysis, such as national, regional, international, organizational, and individual. Sustainable human resource management (HRM) features a set of techniques and procedures of HRM that enable the attainment of social, financial, and environmental goals with an influence both inside and outside of the business while managing the unexpected consequences. Sustainable Development of Human Resources in a Globalization Period explores the dynamics of sustainability in the context of the development of human resources. The book further discusses different strategies for the betterment, welfare, and operation of organizations. Covering topics such as digital media determinism, organizational commitment, and worker performance, this premier reference source is an essential title for business leaders and managers, human resource managers, nonprofit organizations, students and faculty of higher education, libraries, researchers, and academicians.

Economic challenges are becoming very difficult to manage throughout the world, and entrepreneurship can play a key role in handling these new realities. Due to this, academic institutions must update their study programs and knowledge, modernize their curricula, and integrate research activities in their degree programs that encompass topics about and related to entrepreneurship. Developing Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Academia provides implications, best practices, and approaches for countries to improve their economic systems using entrepreneurship and increasing entrepreneurial education. As the world population is expanding and resources are shrinking, it creates a challenging environment for people in low-income and transition economies, as well as developed countries. This book discusses entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education as a potential solution and critical concept. Covering a range of topics such as financial education and entrepreneurial management, it is ideal for instructors, academicians, researchers, practitioners, business professionals, policymakers, and students.

The city of Lahore like other ancient cities was developed along the bank of a river, i.e. the River Ravi, currently a trans-boundary river between India and Pakistan. Therefore, since the development of Lahore city, its sewage and waste water was discharged into its adjacent river. However, the population explosion, urbanization, unplanned industrialization, broad scale use of synthetic fertilizers and household chemicals consequently deteriorate the water quality of the River Ravi due to significant discharge of wastewater from the metropolitan city of Lahore into it. As a result, the contaminated water of the Ravi not only affects the aquatic ecosystem of the river but also worsen its water used downstream for the irrigation, livestock, aqua-culture and recreational purposes. It is therefore essential to estimate the pollution load from the urban city entering into River Ravi in order to prevent and control the degradation of water quality of the River Ravi and help the researchers, decision makers, and the academics to evaluate the cause and pollution status of the most polluted river of Pakistan.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are now believed to be superior in treating industrial effluent, especially effluent of textile industry because of their several advantages over other treatment techniques, including conventional and biological treatment methods. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the efficiency of AOPs, including Hydrogen Per Oxide alone, Fenton, Photo-Fenton, Solar Radiation assisted Photo-Fenton and Ozonation for the color and COD removal of textile effluent. AOPs are proven to be the efficient method for the treatment of textile effluent. The performance of Fenton process was slightly better. Ozonation was proved to be highly feasible and promising technique to decolorize and reduce COD from textile effluent but it is very costly. Photo-Fenton process via UV lamp considerably removed the color and COD but it is not economically viable. Photo-Fenton (sunlight) proved to be the most cost effective and efficient procedure for the color and COD removal among all AOP's, whereas Fenton process to be the second best option. So Solar assisted Photo-Fenton proved as the most energy and cost effective process among all AOPs.

Dairy industry is one of the largest industries of the world. Dairy plants are considered as 'wet industry' because they consume large volumes of water, which is used for very diverse purposes. As a result dairy plant discharge large volume of wastewater.The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of laboratory scale treatment unit based upon biological treatment for dairy industry wastewater and to determine kinetic coefficients.

Nutrients release during co-composting of poultry litter and fast food wastes is a regular phenomenon, however, after certain time period the rate of release of nutrients is high which depends on environmental conditions like temperature and microbial population. For co-composting mixing the three parts of poultry litter with one part of fast food is the best composition to get maximum amount of micro and macro nutrients.

In current era change has become important for organizations to compete, grow or even survive. Mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures are major change events which organizations normally undergo. Motivation to write this book came from the fact that even the rate of failure of mega change events like mergers or acquisitions is very high, very few studies provide conclusive reasons for these failures. Not many serious attempts had been made to investigate the role of 'effective change management' for successful mergers and acquisitions. Main purpose of this research is to investigate, whether effective change management can increase rate of successful mergers. Moreover, this book highlights the relationship of cultural issues and change events.

With the dawn of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century, a new civilization was born. It represented a culture of enlightenment emulating a universal human brotherhood, a life of peace with justice and truth, and a constant striving to eradicate oppression, bigotry and inequalities among human beings. The acquisition of knowledge or the quest for truth became a noble pursuit with an unyielding spirit of inquiry to unravel the secrets of the universe. The main purpose of the book is to highlight the endeavors of the Muslim scholars who kept the light of erudition aflame for centuries during the Middle Ages and beyond until the beginning of the European Renaissance. They were the torch bearers of reason, scientific thinking and creative expression. Their erudite contributions encompassed a great variety of disciplines as they wrote multi-volume works of original nature. They also assimilated notable works of the scholars of Greece, India and other countries and disseminated them through translations and commentaries. The impact of the Islamic civilization during its centuries of glory and enlightenment could be felt in its social and political institutions. Following the edicts of Islam, political authority was generally exercised with prudence being mindful of the demands of impartial justice, public welfare, and a strict code of legal protections for the people of non-Muslim affiliations. A recurrent theme of the book is that peace on earth could be established only by a fervent commitment to justice by every nation of the world. The book also calls to attention the concordance between Islam and modernity with the presumption that the Islamic doctrine can besuccessfully adapted to the exigencies of the changing times. The concluding sections of the book contain a narrative of the state of Muslim nations of the world presently faced with internal dissentions and a negative portrayal of Islam in the West. The lag of knowledge and predominance of extremism in some of the Muslim countries have precarious effects on their future. It is high time for Muslims to reclaim their intellectual heritage and pursue the path of reason and enlightenment both in their religious beliefs and their vision of the world community with a venerable place for them.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world and left turmoil in every facet of society in its wake. As in-person activities came to an end for public safety, businesses closed, classrooms scrambled to transition online, and society was forever changed. As the pandemic comes to a close, it is essential that researchers take this opportunity to study the changes that have occurred so that society may revive what has been lost and promote resilience should another crisis arise. Societal Transformations and Resilience in Times of Crisis focuses on the revival of societal institutions after events such as natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, and global crises, and looks toward building more resilient structures. It contributes novel approaches and provides implications for countries to improve the social system through novel approaches. Covering topics such as employee psychological distress, democracy, and higher education institutions, this premier reference source is a dynamic resource for government officials, community leaders, non-governmental organizations, students and faculty of higher education, sociologists, business executives and managers, human resource managers, researchers, and academicians.

The concept of sustainability and sustainable development is growing rapidly and has great importance in the different aspects of social and economic development at the national and international levels. This idea is characterized as a process that links economic and social factors while maintaining the ecological levels of analysis, such as national, regional, international, organizational, and individual. Sustainable human resource management (HRM) features a set of techniques and procedures of HRM that enable the attainment of social, financial, and environmental goals with an influence both inside and outside of the business while managing the unexpected consequences. Sustainable Development of Human Resources in a Globalization Period explores the dynamics of sustainability in the context of the development of human resources. The book further discusses different strategies for the betterment, welfare, and operation of organizations. Covering topics such as digital media determinism, organizational commitment, and worker performance, this premier reference source is an essential title for business leaders and managers, human resource managers, nonprofit organizations, students and faculty of higher education, libraries, researchers, and academicians.

Here is a comprehensive introductory discussion of Earth, energy, and the environment in an integrated manner that will lead to an appreciation of our complex planet. The book looks at Earth from the perspective of a livable planet and elaborates on the surface and subsurface processes and the various energy cycles where energy is transformed and stored in the planet's various spheres. The chapters discuss the interactions between the different parts of Earth-how energy is exchanged between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and how they impact the environment in which we live.